FIGHT FOR FRANCE
Vive La France!
Benefits
Your Obligation
Female Obligations
Allies
Overcome Germany
Stop Germanic Advance
American Debt
War Loans
Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography:
Website:
"Alleged German 'War Crimes.'" The First World War. National Archives, n.d. Web.
21 Sept. 2014. <http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/
firstworldwar/first_world_war/origins_conflict.htm>. – Olivia Cronin-Golomb
The article gives a summary of war crimes committed in WW1 by explaining the outrage
caused by the brutality in which the Germans acted upon Belgium. According to the article,
this outrage was intensified by the greatly exaggerated propaganda used against the Germans
during this time which inspired anti-German feelings. The National Archives of Britain wrote
this article. The National Archives (TNA) is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice of
the United Kingdom. It contains all the documents that involve the history of Britain. Seeing as
Britain was fighting against the Germans in WW1, the article could be biased in favor of the
British and biased against the Germans.
American Entry into World War I, 1917. Bureau of Public Affairs, 20 Jan. 2001-2009. Web. 21
Sept. 2014, <http://<http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/82205.html>.-Olivia
Cronin- Golomb
"American Entry into World War I, 1917," is a historical document produced by the Bureau of
Public Affairs, which is a very accurate source in terms of credibility. This source provides
details on why America entered World War One. It comes with facts directly from the US
Department of State, so it is an
accurate source. The article was produced in order to educate
the public on the facts of World War one, involving America's entry into the war. It also brings
to light the events that occurred beforehand that led up the decision and their effects on
America's allies. This specific article focuses on the sinking of the SS Sussex by the Germans
and how it affected the entire war.
Leroux, Auguste,
3e Emprunt de la Défense Nationale. Souscrivez pour la France qui combat!
Pour celle qui chaque jour grandit
, 1917, Joseph Charles, Paris,
Library of Congress
, Web. 21
September 2014, <
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613508/>. – Carolyn Lovvoll
Auguste Leroux was a French painter and illustrator.
Leroux painted the piece
3e Emprunt de
la Défense Nationale. Souscrivez pour la France qui combat! Pour celle qui chaque jour
grandit
, or
The 3rd National Defense Loan. Subscribe for the France that fights! For the one
who grows bigger each day.
Leroux’s work is an accurate piece of French propaganda because
Leroux lived in France during the Great War when he created the piece.
The poster displays a
father embracing his young child and his wife nursing her infant.
The primary source targets
the entire French civilization because everyone is encouraged to donate to the war loans.
The
people of France were told that their donations would increase the process of the war.
The
purpose of the primary source is to create empathy in the audience.
The poster shows a father
and his daughter, he is most likely bidding her goodbye in order to go fight in the war.
Through
sparking emotion, the primary source causes the audience to feel a desire to donate to the war
bonds because then fathers can return to their beloved families.
Chavannaz, B.,
Vous
aussi
faites
votre
devoir:
avec
toutes
vos
ressources
Souscrivez
a
l'emprunt,
1917,
Imp. Crété 2. Rue des Italiens, Paris, Web. 21 September 2014,
<http://imagesearch.library.illinois.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/wwpo
sters&CISOPTR=28>.
– Carolyn Lovvoll
B. Chavannaz was a visual artist in the 19
th
and 20
th
centuries.
Most of his information is
private, including his first name. The primary source
Vous
aussi
faites
votre
devoir:
avec
toutes
vos ressources Souscrivez
a l'emprunt
was printed by the
Imp. Crété 2. Rue des
Italiens in
Paris and depicts a French man plowing in the field while his wife holds a rifle and her
infant child.
The purpose of this primary source is to urge the citizens of France to
serve in the war.
Chavannaz had a bias towards donating to the war loans and participating in
the war because the poster’s statement translates to, “Do your duty : subscribe to the Loan with
all of your resources.”.
If one could not fight in the war, he would be encouraged to donate to
the French army through giving to the war bonds.
The primary source was created for the
audience of French citizens; it is particularly directed to French males who had the ability to
fight.
The wife of the man appears to be encouraging her husband to go fight in the war
because she is holding his rifle, waiting for him to agree to serve his country.
During the Great
War, the people of France were told that contributing to the war bonds would quicken the
process of war.
The primary source was created in 1917, a year before the Great War ended.
The purpose of
Vous
aussi
faites
votre
devoir:
avec
toutes
vos
ressources
Souscrivez
a
l'emprunt
was to convince males to fight or for French citizens to donate to the war bonds and
sacrifice their personal resources.
"firstworldwar.com."
First World War.com
. Web. 21 September 2014,
<http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tripleentente_noseppeace.htm>.- Emma McKenna
This website provides historical documents and memoirs from the first world war, which
includes Germany's Declaration of War with France on the 3rd of August in 1914. It was
presented by the German Ambassador to Paris. The declaration was addressed to M. Le
President, and signed SCIIOEN. In the document it explains the things France has done to
Germany such as, “Several of these have openly violated the neutrality of Belgium by flying
over the territory of that country; one has attempted to destroy buildings near Wesel; others
have been seen in the district of the Eifel; one has thrown bombs on the railway near Carlsruhe
and Nuremberg.” But the most important thing in the document is the fact that it is Germany’s
declaration of war against France, “I am instructed, and I have the honour to inform your
Excellency, that in the presence of these acts of aggression the German Empire considers itself
in a state of war with France in consequence of the acts of this latter Power.” This is a reliable
source because it is written by the German Ambassador. This document was helpful in the
project because it helped support the fact that France desires to overcome Germany.
Fokker, Anthony H.G, David C. Cook, and Quentin Reynolds. The Birth of the Fighter Plane,
1915. Web. 19 Sept. 2014, <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/fokker.htm,%202008.>.
-Olivia Cronin-Golomb
"The Birth of the Fighter Plane' is an accurate account of how the fighter plane came to be.
Anthony Fokker, one of the contributors was a Dutch
aircraft manufacturer who actually
improved and perfected Garros' model of the fighter plane during World War One. His
contributions are definitely
accurate, in the case that he was alive and well during World War
One and he had many connections to the war and had extensive knowledge of the fighter plane.
Quentin Reynolds also has credibility in being a journalist and correspondent during World
War Two, but he wasn't involved heavily in World War One. They produced this article to
inform the public of the history of the fighter plane and how it came to be.
Gottlob, Louis Fernand,
Remember!
, 1919, Paris,
Library of Congress
,Web. 15 September
2014.<http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613772/>. –Carolyn Lovvoll
Fernand Louis Gottlob was a French graphic artist who was lived from 1873- 1935.
Gottlob worked as a lithographer and a painter.
He spent his time forming portraits,
illustrations, and caricatures.
Gottlob later became a member of the Cornet Society in 1904.
Gottlob’s artwork displays an accurate representation of
propaganda in France after the
Great War because it was created in 1919, a year after the termination of the war.
Gottlob
was of French origin and lived in France during the Great War. He held a bias against the
Germans and the purpose of his piece
Remember!
is to feed the hatred the French people had
against Germans so it would continue to endure.
The significance of
Remember!
is to
depict that all Germans must be viewed as equal enemies, despite their type of employment.
There is a statement on the poster that declares that, "This Hun who bombed, burned, and
pillaged and this commercial travaller /who calls for your orders and wants to sell his wares
and wants to settle once more in our midst/ are one and the same man/ never forget it!".
In
order to continue the national hatred against Germany, Gottlob formulated a piece of
propaganda that stereotypes all Germans into one enemy.
Gottlob was born in France and
died there as well.
His piece
Remember!
displays his individual hatred against Germany and
his strong desire for others to feel the same way.
Library of Congress. “French Posters from World War I.”
Last modified October 22, 2010.
Web.
September 19, 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/frenchposter/posters.html>
-Katie Bedingfield
This website contains historical documentations of propaganda posters and songs that were
created by French government officials and leaders to brain-wash the citizens of France
during the First World War.
These posters and medleys
were used to sway popular French
belief into putting individual energy and effort towards the war.
These art figures created a
sense of Nationalism in French civilians and soldiers which in turn gave them something to
fight for.
These posters and songs were used in the “Female Obligations” and “American
Debt” sections of the project created.
The Library of Congress runs this website, and is a very
reliable and scholarly source.
It is the United States’ oldest federal cultural institution and
currently serves as the research arm of Congress, and educational source for students and
Americans in general looking for information and primary sources.
Rabinovitch, Simon.
“European Propaganda During World War I.”
Guided History,
November 7, 2008.
Web. September 19, 2014.
http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/moderneurope/europeanpropagandaduringworldwar1/-
-Katie Bedingfield
This website is divided into three sections, the first explaining background information on the
Great World War, the second describing propaganda of the Allied forces during this war, and
the third describing propaganda of the Central Forces.
For this project I used the information
provided about the propaganda techniques used in the Allied forces to create a presentation that
the French government could have displayed during World War I in order to gain support for
their country.
This website contains information written by Boston University students, and is
checked and edited by the creator and main writer of this source, Simon Rabinovitch.
Rabinovitch is highly qualified in his field to write about this topic.
He has a M.A. and Ph.D. in
Comparative History from Brandeis University, and a B.A. in History and Jewish Studies from
McGill University.
In 2009, he became an Assistant Professor at Boston University, and has
been an Associate of the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University
since 2010.
The contents on this website were written from an educational point of view for
students.
Royer, Henri,
Souscrivez à l'Emprunt de la Libération
, 1918, Lapina, Paris,
Library of Congress
, Web. 15 September 2014. <
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613782/>.- Carolyn Lovvoll
Henri Royer was a French painter who attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and in 1890
he continued
his studies at the Académie Julian.
Royer’s artwork displays an accurate
portrayal of the propaganda in France because he lived in France during World War I and
experienced
what it was like to be influenced by the French government and the bank loans.
Royer was a respected artist whose work was often shown in exhibits at the Paris Salon.
The primary source exhibits Royer’s passion for the war bank loans and his positive perspective
on the benefits of
participating in the French army.
[1]
Royer was biased towards the
advancement of war loans and the primary source is targeted to French men who were not yet
serving in the French army or French citizens who had the ability to subscribe to the Liberation
Loan.
The primary source
Souscrivez à l'Emprunt de la Libération
or
Subscribe to the
Liberation Loan
was created by Royer in 1918 and was
used as French
propaganda in order to
advertise the bank loans.
The war posters were the largest category of
propaganda
produced
in France during the Great War because they appealed to the average
citizen’s yearning to be a
part of the war effort.
In this primary source, a French soldier is witnessed by two girls from
Alsace-Lorraine.
The woman in the red appears to be aggravated by the French soldier whereas
the woman in the white is intrigued by the French flag.
The soldier is standing tall with the
French flag in the background.
The significance of this primary source is to persuade French
citizens to subscribe to the war
loan and for men, to participate in the war through fighting. The
primary source focuses on the benefits of engaging in the war; nationalism is portrayed through
the French flag and the soldier displays the rewards of serving France.
Sabattier, Louis Rémy,
Merci!
, 1919, L’Illustration, Paris,
Library of Congress
, Web. 18
September 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613756/>.- Carolyn Lovvoll
Louis Rémy Sabattier was a well-respected French artist who was best known for his work
in the
l'
Illustration
which was published for over forty years.
Sabattier created the primary
source
Merci!
in 1919, one year after the Great War ended.
Sabattier’s work provides an
accurate portrayal of propaganda in France after the Great War because he was in France
to experience what occurred.
Sabattier had a bias towards the gratification of French
soldiers from their country and its people.
The work
Merci!
provides an allusion in which
the French soldier or poilu is kissed by a woman.
On the literal level,
the poilu is depicted
as being kissed by a woman whereas on the figurative level, the woman symbolizes France
and kissed the soldier on the cheek in order to express her gratitude for his service to his
country.
The poster is targeted to the French soldiers to show the appreciation France has for
them because they fought in the Great War and fulfilled their obligation as male French
citizens.
Tudda, Chris. "French Empire: World War I." World at War: Understanding Conflict and
Society. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2014. –Olivia Cronin-Golomb
This article summarizes the role of the French Empire in WW1, focusing on France’s
colonies and their role in the war and on why France was upset with the Germans. Chris
Tudda is a specialist in the history of US foreign relations, and is a historian in the Office of
the Historian, US Department of State. He has a Ph.D. from American University, which he
got in 2002. He is a professor at George Washington University in the Department of History.
Seeing as Tudda received most of his education in the USA and he focuses on US history, he
could be biased in favor of the Americans, and in turn the French citizens.
Vincent, S.,
Ne pas gaspiller le pain est notre devoir
, 1916, Union Francaise, Paris,
Library
of
Congress
, Web. 17 September 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/99613763/>.
-Carolyn Lovvoll
The primary source
Ne pas gaspiller le pain est notre devoir
or “Our duty is not to
waste bread”, was created by artist S. Vincent.
Most of the information about S. Vincent is
private, including the artist’s first name.
The primary source was created in 1916,
two years into the Great War, and was produced by the Union Francaise in Paris.
Vincent
had a bias towards participation in the war because his piece of propaganda is designed to
impose guilt on the French males who had not joined the French army.
Through stating
what the French males’ duty is not, a feeling of obligation to France is formulated.
The
audience of the poster would be French males because French males were the one’s targeted
to serve in the Great War.
The primary source depicts a loaf of bread and the statement,
“
Ne pas gaspiller le pain est notre devoir”.
The poster was designed to create a desire serve
in the French army, because if not, it is assumed that the male who is not a soldier is simply
wasting food
while others were fighting for the victory and
protection of France.
Book:
Brosman, Catharine Savage,
Visions of War in France: Fiction, Art, Ideology,
1999,
Louisiana
State University Press
, Baton Rouge. – Carolyn Lovvoll
Catharine Savage Brosman is an American essayist, French scholar, and poet.
Brosman
wrote the secondary source piece of literature
Visions of War in France: Fiction, Art,
Ideology
in 1999.
The book provides an accurate historical depiction of war in France from
the early nineteenth century in France through World War II.
Visions of War in France:
Fiction, Art, Ideology
examines historical, cultural, and ideological information as well as the
expanding views on warfare throughout history.
In Brosman’s work, she targets historical
scholars as well as the average researcher who are both trying to understand more about
France’s history in war.
Brosman’s piece of literature is relevant to French propaganda
during World War I because it provides examples of how the French army considered the
Germans as “the other flock” and explains the two countries tense relationship.
The purpose of
Brosman’s book is to provide a historically correct summary of French war culture for a period
of two hundred years, from the nineteenth century to World War II.
Depuy, Richard Ernest. World War 1: A Compact History. New
York: Hawthorn, 1972. Print. Vol. 9 of The Military History of the United
States. 15 vols. –Olivia Cronin-Golomb
This book gives a summary of all the major military actions of the major countries involved in
WW1. Dupuy was born on March 24, 1887, in New York, New York, son of a French
immigrant. Depuy was a U.S. Army officer who eventually got to the highest levels of
command. During World War I, Dupuy saw action in an artillery unit in the St. Mihiel and
Meuse-Argonne campaigns. This book may be biased in favor of the US and of the French
because Depuy fought for the US and he was of French descent. The purpose of this book is to
educate the general public as to what happened in WW1.
Freidel, Frank.
Over There: The Story of America’s First Great Overseas Crusade.
New York:
Little, Brown, 1964.- Katie Bedingfield
This source is a book written about American influence on World War I.
United States troops
sailed across the Atlantic to help the Allied forces defeat the Central forces.
In the book,
author Frank Freidel describes how the Americans helped the Allies because of an Obligation
to France (from the American Revolutionary War) they were determined to pay off.
Freindel
is highly qualified, as he was a professor of history at Harvard University from 1955-1981
He
received a PhD. from Wisconsin-Madison University and also served on the Department of the
Army Historical Advisory Committee from 1973 to 1976.
This source was written from an
educational standpoint, and especially geared towards college students, and other Americans
interested in the United States' story of the Great World War.
Information from this book is
used in the "American Debt" section of this project.
Mason Jr., Molloy,Herbert The Lafayette Escadrille,
1964,
New York: Random House,
pg. 5
-Emma McKenna
The book “The Lafayette Escadrille” by Herbert Molloy Mason focused on the Foreign
Legion,
especially their enthusiasm for the new war being waged high in the sky. The purpose
of this book is to inform people on the events that took place in world war I, specifically
addressing the battles fought in the air. The book was written in 1964, which was a number of
decades
after the end of the war. Herbert Molloy Mason Jr. is a somewhat reliable source
because he has written many other historical books. This book was helpful to support our
purpose of
encouraging people to join to fight for France because it explained how many
foreigners were
joining because of all the country has done for them.
Simpson, Colin. The Lusitania. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973. Print. –Olivia Cronin- Golomb
The book "The Lusitania" is a book about the sinking of the boat the Lusitania by German
submarines. The purpose of this book is to inform the public of the dangers the Germans caused
to civilians during the Great War. This was produced in 1973 which is long after the end of the
war causing some room for miscommunication between the author and the factual events. He is
a somewhat credible source. He is an Australian journalist who does not have many
direct
connections to world war 1 or Germany. He did live during the war, so he is writing off of first-
hand knowledge of the general warfare of the Germans. He is also known to write fiction more
than non-fiction so his credibility is a lot lower than other nonfiction writers.
[1]
“Henri Royer”, Ask Art, Artist’s Bluebook,
Web. 20 September 2014.
<
http://www.askart.com/askart/r/henri_royer/henri_royer.aspx>.